Didactics

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Lecturer: prof. Adam Prahl, PhD, DSc

Chemical nomenclature, electronic structure of organic compounds, atomic and molecular orbitals, hybridization, isomerism (constitutional, stereoisomerism). Alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes, alkynes: preparation and reactivity. Radical substitution, addition to multiple bonds. Structure and stability of radicals and carbocations, regrouping of carbocations. Conjugated diene, resonance. Electrophilic addition to alkynes. Stereochemistry: chiral centers, enantiomers, diastereoisomers, meso compounds, racemic mixtures and their separation. Conformational analysis of cyclohexane. Aromatic compounds. Aromaticity criterion. Aromatic electrophilic substitution. Isomerism of multi-substituted aromatic compounds. Mechanism of nucleophilic substitution of aromatic compounds. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Alcohols, phenols, ethers and epoxides, their synthesis and reactivity. Reactions with alkyl halides, dehydration, reactions with metals, oxidation, acylation. Nucleophilic substitution: SN1 and SN2. Elimination reactions: E1 and E2 - mechanism and stereochemistry. Aldehydes and ketones. Structure and properties of the carbonyl group. Nucleophilic addition of water, alcohols, amines and Grignard compounds to the carbonyl group. Aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction, Wittig reaction. Carboxylic acids and their derivatives. Synthesis of carboxylic acids and their reactivity. Esterification reactions, formation of acid halides, anhydrides, amides, etc. Substitution at the acyl group. Keto-enol tautomerism. Use of ethyl acetate and diethyl malonate in organic synthesis. Condensation reactions e.g.: aldol, Claisen, Michael addition and similar reactions. Amines, basicity and nucleophilicity. Synthesis and reactions of amines. Heterocyclic compounds. Structure and nomenclature. Reactions with electrophilic and nucleophilic reagents, oxidation and reduction, acid-base properties. Organophosphorus compounds, halogen acids and hydroxy acids, amino acids and peptides.

BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY AND SYNTHESIS OF GLYCOPEPTIDES AND THEIR PRECURSORS

Lecturer: prof. Adam Prahl, PhD, DSc

Characterization of amino acids and sugars, synthesis of peptides, glycoproteins and simple sugar compounds, characterization of methods for purification and identification of biomolecules (chromatography, electrophoresis, IR, UV-VIS, NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry), role and functions of peptides, proteins, sugars and glycoproteins in the body, characterization of selected peptides and sugars. Basic types of sugars and peptides, introduction of appropriate covers to sugars and peptides to obtain the required precursors of glycopeptides, types of chemical reactions leading to the preparation of glycoproteins, methods of analysis and separation of glycopeptides.

 

METHODS OF SYNTHESIS AND BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF PROTEINS AND GLYCOPROTEINS

Lecturer: prof. Adam Prahl, PhD, DSc

Protein and non-protein amino acids - their nomenclature, classification and physicochemical properties (solubility, melting point, acid-base properties, spectroscopic properties). Shielding of functional groups and side chain groups (insertion and removal methods, orthogonality of shielding). Methods of peptide bond formation - reagents used for coupling amino acid residues. Tactics and strategy of peptide synthesis. Planning of peptide synthesis - application of automation and technical innovations. Synthesis of peptides in solution and on solid support. Problems associated with peptide synthesis (side reactions, racemization) and methods for their prevention. Syntheses of atypical amino acids, fragments that mimic the peptide bond, and introduction of conformationally-restrictive fragments into peptide molecules. Review and discussion of biochemical properties of selected polypeptides and natural glycoproteins. The role and function of peptides, proteins and glycoproteins in the body. The use of structural roentgenography to determine the structures of macromolecules. The use of capillary electrophoresis for the analysis and identification of chemical compounds, especially those of a peptide nature.
 
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Submitted on Saturday, 15. March 2014 - 20:20 by Emilia Sikorska Changed on Sunday, 30. April 2023 - 13:18 by Andrzej Nowacki